Reading

Before you read

1. What can you see in the picture?

=> A rural lifestyle is describe in the picture. It’s quite peaceful there. But the living standard still need improving.

2. Do you think that the people in this picture lead a rich or a poor life?

=> The people in this picture lead a  poor life.

3. What, in your opinion, should be done to improve the situation?

=> In my perspective, the goverment should carry out economic reforms that increase the living standard for the people there

While you read

Audio:

One of the most important measures to be taken to promote the development of a country is to constantly carry out economic reforms. Being aware of this, in December 1986, at its Sixth National Congress, the Vietnamese Communist Party initiated an overall economic reform, commonly known as “Doi Moi” (Renovation). The aim of Doi Moi was to restructure the economy of Vietnam and to raise the living standards of the people.

Before Doi Moi our country experienced a lot of difficulties: the economy was under-developed and was dominated by traditional agriculture; the country was poor, the people led a poor life, production was stagnant; there was a shortage of schools and hospitals, and inflation could be seen in every sector of the economy. To solve these problems, our Government introduced a number of renovation measures: they eliminated government subsidies; they shifted economic priority from heavy industry to three major economic programmes, namely, production of food, production of consumer goods and production of exports; they reduced state intervention in business; they opened trade relations with all countries in the world and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment.

The subsequent National Congresses of the Vietnamese Communist Party held in 1991, 1996, and 2001 continued to reaffirm its commitment to Doi Moi, and called for more administrative and economic reforms. Under the Party’s guidelines, the Government adopted the Land Law in 1993 and the Enterprises Law in 2000. These have laid legal grounds for dissolving inefficient co-operatives, expanding more opportunities for farmers, and encouraging both domestic and foreign private investment.

Since Doi Moi, our country has undergone substantial changes: productivity and agricultural exports have constantly increased, the farmers have enjoyed land use rights and have had greater choice on how to use their agricultural land, the workers have worked harder as their time is their money, and the children, particularly those from ethnic minorities have had more opportunities to enjoy education and training.

We believe that with the strong commitment of our Party and Government to Doi Moi, we will gain greater achievements and build a better life for our people.

Cấu trúc (Structures)

Take measure: thực hiện biện pháp

A shortage of: thiếu cái gì

Be aware of: nhận thức được cái gì

Phrasal verb ( Cụm động từ)

Call for: kêu gọi They →called for the immediate release of the hostages.

Carry out: thực hiện →carry out a promise/a threat/a plan/an order

Phrases (Các cụm từ ) cần chú ý

Economic reform: thực hiện cải cách kinh tế

Legal ground: cơ sở pháp lý

Living standards: mức sống

Led a (…) life: sống một cuộc sống

Sector of the economy: lĩnh vực kinh tế

Renovation measure: biện pháp cái cách

Government subsidies: trợ cấp chính phủ

State intervention: sự can thiệp của chính phủ

Trade relation quan hệ thương mại

Domestic private investment (đầu tư của tư nhân trong nước) <> foreign private investment (đầu tư của tư nhân ngoài nước) 

Adopt a Law: thông qua luật

Undergo (=experience) changes: trải qua thay đổi

Land use rights: quyền sử dụng đất đi

Gain achievements: đạt thành tựu

Vocabulary

1.National Congress: đại hội toàn quốc

2.Renovation /ˌrenəˈveɪʃn/ (n): cải tiến, đổi mới

→There will be extensive renovations to the hospital.

Renovate + sth /ˈrenəveɪt/ (v): cải tiến

→They spent the summer renovating a farmhouse in Kent.

3.Underdeveloped /ˌʌndərdɪˈveləpt/ (n): Kém phát triển

→A underdeveloped country

4.Dominate /ˈdɑːmɪneɪt/ (v): chiếm ưu thế, chi phối

→She always says a lot in meetings, but she doesn’t dominate.

Domination /ˌdɑːmɪˈneɪʃn/ (n): ưu thế, sự trội hơn

→Companies fighting for domination of the software market.

Dominant /ˈdɑːmɪnənt/ (adj): có  ưu thế hơn, có ảnh hưởng lớn

→The firm has achieved a dominant position in the world market.

5.Stagnant /ˈstæɡnənt/ (adj): trì trệ ⇒ a stagnant economy

→Few fish survive in the stagnant waters of the lake.

Stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn/ (n) : tình trạng trì trệ ⇒ economic stagnation

Stagnate /ˈstæɡneɪt/ (v): làm trì trệ

→I feel I’m stagnating in this job.

Structures

make sth/sb adj: khiến cho cái gì đó/ ai đó bị cái gì I’ll make it easy for you.

worry about: lo sợ cái gì

enable sb to do sth: làm ai đó có khả năng làm gì đó

stop doing sth: dừng làm cái gì đó

have (…) effects on sth: có tác dụng (…) lên cái gì

run short of sth :thiếu cái gì

discourage sb from sth/ doing sth: ngăn người ta làm gì

make speeaches :có bài phát biểu

warn sb about/on sth: cảnh cáo ai đó về cái gì

in ruins: trong tình trạng hư hại

take measure: thực hiện biện pháp

introduce laws:giới thiệu luật

on the contrary: ngược lại

encourage sb  to do sth: khuyến khích người ta làm cái gì

put sb into the prison: đưa ai đó vào tù

save sb from sth: cứu ai đó khỏi cái gì

Other structures:

take sb’s advice: nhận lời khuyên của ai đó

bring about = result in : dẫn đến

Writing

test your memory

Language Focus

Pronunciation

Grammar

. MỆNH ĐỀ NHƯỢNG BỘ HOẶC TƯƠNG PHẢN ( CONCESSIVE CLAUSES )

1 . Mệnh đề nhượng bộ ( concessive clause ) được sử dụng khi hai mệnh đề trong cùng một câu tương phản với nhau . 

Một số liên từ thường gặp trong mệnh đề nhượng bộ :

although	even though	much as	whereas
despite	except that	not that	while
even if	in spite of	though	whilst

2 . Nếu chỉ muốn nêu bật sự tương phản giữa hai mệnh đề , chỉ cần dùng although , though , even though , hoặc while .ví dụ:

– I used to read a lot although I don ‘ t get much time for books now .

–Although he has lived for years in London , he writes in German . 

-I used to love listening to her , even though I could only understand about half of what she said.

–While I did well in class , I was a poor performer at games .

whilst và whereas cũng có thể được sử dụng .

Đây là những từ tương đối trang trọng . Ví dụ :

-Raspberries have a matt , spongy surface whilst blackberries have a taut , shiny skin .

-To every child adult approval means love , whereas disapproval means hate 

 3. Not that có thể được dùng thay thế cho although và một hình thức phủ định .

Thay vì nói : I have decided to leave , although no one would miss me Có thể nói : I have decided to leave – not that anyone will miss me

Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng not that luôn luôn xuất hiện sau mệnh đề chính .Ví dụ :

– I couldn ‘ t want to give away any secrets at this stage – not that we’ve got any answers yet .

– Kunta continued sleeping in Omoro ‘ s hut for the next seven nights – not that anyone seemed to notice or care . 

4. Ngoại lệ .

Except that được dùng để nói đến một ngoại lệ so với điều vừa được phát biểu .Ví dụ :

– She treats her daughter the same as her younger except that she takes her several times a week to a special clinic .

– Nobody said a thing except that one or two asked me if I was better . – Mệnh đề loại này đôi khi còn được gọi là mệnh đề ngoại lệ . ( exception clause ) .

5 Chú thích cách sử dụng

Khi một mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng although kết thúc bằng  bổ ngữ , bổ ngữ này có thể được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề .

Thay vì nói : Though he was tired , he insisted on coming to in the meeting .

Có thể nói : Tired though he was , he insisted on coming to the meeting .Ví dụ :

– Tempting though it may be to follow this point through , it is not really relevant and we had better move on .

-I had to accept the fact , improbable though it was .

– Astute businessman though he was , Philip Loas capable at times of extreme recklessness .

Khi bổ ngữ là một tính từ , có thể dùng as thay thế cho though . Ví dụ :

– Stupid as it sounds , I was so in love with her that I believed her .

Khi một mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng though kết thúc bằng một trạng từ , thông thường trạng từ này được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề . Ví dụ :

– Some members of the staff couldn ‘ t handle Murray ‘ s condition , hard though they tried .

 Khi nói về một cảm giác hay ước muốn mạnh mẽ , có thể dùng much as thay thế cho although và một định ngữ . 

Thay vì nói : Although I like Venice very much , I couldn ‘ t live there .

Có thể nói : Much as I like Venice , I couldn ‘ t live there .

Ví dụ :

– Much as they admired her looks and her manners , they had  no wish to marry her

6.Although , though , while , và whilst đôi khi dụng trong mệnh đề nhượng bộ bất biến vị . 

Thay vì nói : Whilst he liked cats , he never let them come into his house .

Có thể nói : Whilst liking cats , he never let them come into his house .

Ví dụ :

– While conceding the importance of freedom of speech , I believe in must be exercised with sensitivity and responsibility .

Despite và in spite of cũng có thể được dùng ở đầu một mệnh đề nhượng bộ bất biến vị .

Thay vì nói : Although worked hard , I failed my exam .

Có thể nói : Despite porking hard , I failed my exam .

 Ví dụ :

– Sensible , interested mothers still play a big part in their children ‘ s lives , despite porking and having a full – time nanny .

– We had two more years of profit in spite of paying higher pages than the previous owner .

7. Although , though , while , và whilst cũng có thể được dùng trước một cụm danh từ , tính từ và định ngữ

Thay vì nói : Although she was fond of Gregory, she did not love him .

Có thể nói : Although fond of Gregory , she did not love him . Tương tự , thay vì nói : They agreed to his proposal , though they had reservations .  Có thể nói : They agreed to his proposal , though with many reservations .Ví dụ :

– It was an unequal marriage , although a stable and long – lasting one .

–Though not very attractive physically , she possessed a sense of luour .

– They had followed her suggestion , though without much enthusiasm . 

Even if , if , và albeit cũng có thể được dùng tương tự . Albeit là một từ rất trang trọng .Ví dụ :

– By 1977 things were beginning to improve , even if , in the view of the Royal Air Force , not quickly enough .

-….some pleasant , if unexciting , tunes .

– Like mercury , lead affects the brain , albeit in different ways.